Word list 單字表 Gospel Principles Chapter 1 福音原則 第1章

From Chapter 1 of Gospel Principles, list all words beyond the A1 level in alphabetic order with their KK phonetic symbols, root forms, part of speech in context, corresponding translation from the Chinese version, 福音原則, and difficulty levels. For part of speech, use traditional Chinese. Use Chinese for the table headings. Use lowercase for words and their root forms when appropriate.

ChatGPT 說：

以下是《福音原則》第1章中超出 A1 級別的單字，按照字母順序排列，包含其 KK 音標、詞根形式、在文中的詞性、中文翻譯以及難度級別：

單字	KK 音標	詞根	詞性	中文翻譯	難度級別
almighty	[ɔlˈmaɪti]	almighty	形容詞	全能的	B2
commandments	[kəˈmændmənts]	commandment	名詞	誡命	B1
created	[krɪˈetɪd]	create	動詞	創造	A2
earth	[ɝθ]	earth	名詞	地球	A2
eternal	[ɪˈtɝnəl]	eternal	形容詞	永恆的	B2
existence	[ɪɡˈzɪstəns]	existence	名詞	存在	B2
form	[fɔrm]	form	名詞	形式	A2
glorified	[ˈɡlɔrəˌfaɪd]	glorify	動詞	榮耀的	C1
heavens	[ˈhɛvənz]	heaven	名詞	天空	B2
image	[ˈɪmɪdʒ]	image	名詞	形象	A2
immortal	[ɪˈmɔrtəl]	immortal	形容詞	不朽的	C1
intelligence	[ɪnˈtɛlədʒəns]	intelligence	名詞	智慧	B2
knowledge	[ˈnɑlɪdʒ]	knowledge	名詞	知識	A2
mortal	[ˈmɔrtəl]	mortal	形容詞	凡人的	B2
organized	[ˈɔrɡəˌnaɪzd]	organize	動詞	組織	B1
physical	[ˈfɪzɪkəl]	physical	形容詞	身體的	B1
possesses	[pəˈzɛsɪz]	possess	動詞	擁有	B2
presence	[ˈprɛzəns]	presence	名詞	存在	B2
prophets	[ˈprɑfɪts]	prophet	名詞	先知	B2
scriptures	[ˈskrɪptʃɚz]	scripture	名詞	經文	B2
spiritual	[ˈspɪrɪtʃuəl]	spiritual	形容詞	靈性的	B2
testify	[ˈtɛstəˌfaɪ]	testify	動詞	見證	B2
universe	[ˈjunəˌvɝs]	universe	名詞	宇宙	B2
worship	[ˈwɝʃɪp]	worship	動詞	崇拜	B2

註：

• 難度級別 根據CEFR（歐洲語言共同參考框架），分為A1到C2級別。

如需更多內容或分析，請隨時告訴我！

What are the pragmatic differences between "What's wrong with you?" and "What happened to you?"

 What are the pragmatic differences between "What's wrong with you?" and "What happened to you?"

ChatGPT 說：

The phrases "What's wrong with you?" and "What happened to you?" differ not only in meaning but also in their pragmatic use, including tone, implication, and situational context. Here’s a breakdown:

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1. Literal Meaning:

• "What's wrong with you?"
  • Asks about a problem, defect, or issue concerning the person, whether physical, emotional, or behavioral.
  • Example: "You look upset. What's wrong with you?"
• "What happened to you?"
  • Inquires about a specific event or incident in the past that caused the person’s current state or condition.
  • Example: "You’re limping. What happened to you?"

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2. Tone and Implication:

• "What's wrong with you?"

  • Can be used empathetically or critically, depending on tone:
    • Empathy: Genuine concern (e.g., noticing someone is sad or unwell).
      • Example: "You seem upset. What's wrong with you?"
    • Criticism: Implies the person has acted inappropriately, irrationally, or offensively.
      • Example: "Why did you do that? What's wrong with you?"
  • Pragmatically, it may sound harsh or accusatory in casual use, especially without context.

• "What happened to you?"

  • Neutral or concerned tone, typically genuine and empathetic.
    • Example: "You have a bruise on your face. What happened to you?"
  • Rarely perceived as offensive, the question focuses on understanding the cause of a visible or noticeable change.

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3. Situational Use:

• "What's wrong with you?"

  • Often used when the speaker observes:
    • An ongoing emotional or physical problem (e.g., sadness, illness).
    • A behavioral issue or unexpected action (e.g., rudeness or anger).
  • Context-dependent: Can come across as caring or confrontational.

• "What happened to you?"

  • Used when the speaker notices:
    • A visible physical change (e.g., injury, disheveled appearance).
    • An unexpected or dramatic shift in behavior or circumstances (e.g., someone becoming unusually quiet or different).

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4. Politeness and Social Perception:

• "What's wrong with you?"

  • Risk of being interpreted as rude or judgmental, especially if the tone is harsh.
  • Politeness depends heavily on the speaker’s relationship with the listener and the situation.

• "What happened to you?"

  • Generally perceived as polite and considerate because it seeks information without implying blame or defect.

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5. Pragmatic Example Scenarios:

Scenario 1: Someone is visibly upset.

• Empathy:
  • "What's wrong with you?": Implies care but may risk sounding blunt or intrusive.
  • "What happened to you?": Implies concern about a specific event that caused the upset.

Scenario 2: Someone behaves irrationally or offensively.

• Criticism:
  • "What's wrong with you?": Confrontational and accusatory, questioning the person’s behavior.
  • "What happened to you?": Rarely used in this context; might imply a broader concern for their state.

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Summary of Pragmatic Differences:

Aspect	"What's wrong with you?"	"What happened to you?"
Literal Meaning	Asks about a problem, defect, or issue.	Asks about a past event or cause.
Tone	Empathetic or accusatory, context-dependent.	Typically neutral or empathetic.
Implication	Suggests something is wrong with the person.	Suggests a change caused by an event.
Politeness	Can sound rude or judgmental.	Generally polite and concerned.
Situational Context	Ongoing issues or behaviors.	Changes due to a specific incident.

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Conclusion:

• Use "What's wrong with you?" with caution, as it can easily sound accusatory, even if intended empathetically.
• Use "What happened to you?" when asking about a visible change or specific event, as it is generally perceived as neutral or caring.

許良英的幻想與挣扎：從迷信毛澤東共產黨到回歸愛因斯坦

 專訪：許良英的幻想與挣扎：從迷信毛澤東共產黨到回歸愛因斯坦

運用 ChatGPT 學英文：用例句以及其同義字來學單字。

 

Here are 10 sentences using the word "discretion," along with their translations into traditional Chinese:

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Sentences and Translations:

1. You should use your discretion when making such an important decision.
   在做如此重要的決定時，你應該運用自己的判斷力。

2. The teacher gave students the discretion to choose their own project topics.
   老師給了學生自由選擇自己專案主題的權利。

3. The information was shared with the utmost discretion to protect privacy.
   為了保護隱私，該資訊以極高的謹慎態度進行分享。

4. Discretion is an important quality for a good leader.
   審慎是優秀領導者的重要特質之一。

5. It is at the manager's discretion to approve or deny the request.
   是否批准該請求由經理自行決定。

6. The judge acted with discretion while handling the sensitive case.
   法官在處理這起敏感案件時表現出謹慎。

7. The security guard has the discretion to deny entry to anyone without an ID.
   保安有權拒絕未持有身分證的人進入。

8. She chose her words with discretion to avoid offending anyone.
   她謹慎地選擇用詞以避免冒犯任何人。

9. The employee's use of discretion saved the company from a major loss.
   該員工的審慎決策為公司避免了重大損失。

10. The parents gave their children some discretion in deciding how to spend their allowance.
    父母給孩子一定的自由來決定如何使用零用錢。

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Summary:

These sentences highlight the various meanings of "discretion", such as judgment, freedom to decide, or caution in behavior or speech, translated appropriately into traditional Chinese.

Give three synonyms of the word "discretion" for every sentence.

ChatGPT 說：

Here are three synonyms for "discretion" for each sentence, along with explanations, demonstrating how the meaning of the word varies based on context.

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1. You should use your discretion when making such an important decision.

Synonyms: judgment, prudence, discernment

• Judgment: Refers to the ability to make considered decisions.
• Prudence: Implies carefulness and wisdom in decision-making.
• Discernment: Suggests keen insight and the ability to distinguish right from wrong.

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2. The teacher gave students the discretion to choose their own project topics.

Synonyms: freedom, autonomy, authority

• Freedom: The ability to act without constraints.
• Autonomy: Independence in decision-making.
• Authority: The power or right to decide.

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3. The information was shared with the utmost discretion to protect privacy.

Synonyms: caution, care, tact

• Caution: Emphasizes carefulness to avoid risks or harm.
• Care: Indicates thoughtful consideration to avoid errors.
• Tact: Implies sensitivity and diplomacy in handling delicate matters.

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4. Discretion is an important quality for a good leader.

Synonyms: wisdom, tact, judgment

• Wisdom: The ability to make sound decisions based on experience.
• Tact: Sensitivity in dealing with others or tricky situations.
• Judgment: The ability to make reasoned decisions.

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5. It is at the manager's discretion to approve or deny the request.

Synonyms: authority, control, latitude

• Authority: The power to decide or act.
• Control: The ability to direct or manage outcomes.
• Latitude: Freedom to act or decide within limits.

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6. The judge acted with discretion while handling the sensitive case.

Synonyms: care, prudence, circumspection

• Care: Close attention to avoid mistakes.
• Prudence: Thoughtful caution in decisions.
• Circumspection: Being wary and unwilling to take risks.

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7. The security guard has the discretion to deny entry to anyone without an ID.

Synonyms: authority, power, judgment

• Authority: The right to make decisions.
• Power: The ability to enforce actions.
• Judgment: The ability to decide wisely.

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8. She chose her words with discretion to avoid offending anyone.

Synonyms: caution, tact, delicacy

• Caution: Thoughtful care to avoid harm.
• Tact: Sensitivity in communication.
• Delicacy: Subtlety in handling a sensitive situation.

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9. The employee's use of discretion saved the company from a major loss.

Synonyms: good judgment, foresight, prudence

• Good judgment: Making reasonable decisions.
• Foresight: The ability to anticipate future outcomes.
• Prudence: Careful decision-making.

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10. The parents gave their children some discretion in deciding how to spend their allowance.

Synonyms: freedom, autonomy, leeway

• Freedom: Ability to act without restrictions.
• Autonomy: Independence in making decisions.
• Leeway: Flexibility or room to decide.

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Summary:

The word "discretion" has different nuances depending on the context, including judgment, freedom to decide, and caution. Each synonym highlights a specific facet of this versatile word.

決定一個國家命運的力量是什麼？

 

川普要抽乾沼澤地 動了哈里斯們的奶酪

 

立足比統一中國更高的道義

 

語法分析：Having limited interaction and access to instructors

Analyze "Having limited interaction and access to instructors".

Certainly! Let's analyze the syntax of the phrase "Having limited interaction and access to instructors."

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1. Overall Structure

• The entire phrase is a gerund phrase functioning as a noun. It can serve as the subject, object, or complement in a sentence.

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2. Breakdown of Components

a. Having

• Part of Speech: Gerund (the -ing form of a verb used as a noun)
• Function: Acts as the head of the gerund phrase.

b. Limited Interaction and Access to Instructors

• Part of Speech: Coordinated Noun Phrase

  • Limited Interaction

    • Limited
      • Part of Speech: Adjective
      • Function: Modifies the noun "interaction" by describing its extent.
    • Interaction
      • Part of Speech: Noun
      • Function: Acts as part of the direct object of "having."

  • And

    • Part of Speech: Coordinating Conjunction
    • Function: Connects "limited interaction" and "access to instructors."

  • Access to Instructors

    • Access
      • Part of Speech: Noun
      • Function: Acts as part of the direct object of "having."
    • To Instructors
      • Part of Speech: Prepositional Phrase
        • To
          • Part of Speech: Preposition
          • Function: Introduces the prepositional phrase, indicating the object of access.
        • Instructors
          • Part of Speech: Noun
          • Function: Object of the preposition "to."

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3. Detailed Syntactic Analysis

1. Gerund Phrase: Having limited interaction and access to instructors

   • Having (gerund acting as the head of the phrase)
     • [Limited Interaction and Access to Instructors] (coordinated noun phrase as direct object)
       • Limited Interaction (noun phrase)
         • Limited (adjective modifying "interaction")
         • Interaction (noun)
       • And (coordinating conjunction)
       • Access to Instructors (noun phrase)
         • Access (noun)
         • To Instructors (prepositional phrase modifying "access")
           • To (preposition)
           • Instructors (noun as object of the preposition)

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4. Function in Context

• As Subject:

  • "Having limited interaction and access to instructors can hinder the learning process."

• As Object:

  • "Students dislike having limited interaction and access to instructors."

• As Subject Complement:

  • "One major drawback is having limited interaction and access to instructors."

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5. Roles of Each Component

• Having: Initiates the gerund phrase and denotes the experience or state.

• Limited Interaction: Part of the direct object; "limited" modifies "interaction," indicating a restricted amount.

• And: Connects the two noun phrases "limited interaction" and "access to instructors."

• Access to Instructors: Part of the direct object; "access" is specified by the prepositional phrase "to instructors."

• To Instructors: Modifies "access" by specifying to whom the access pertains.

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6. Grammatical Relationships

• Gerund "Having" + Direct Object ("limited interaction and access to instructors"): The gerund takes a coordinated noun phrase as its object.

• Modifiers:

  • "Limited" modifies both "interaction" and is implied to modify "access" due to parallel structure.
  • "To Instructors" modifies "access," specifying the object of access.

• Coordination:

  • The conjunction "and" connects two noun phrases, forming a coordinated structure within the direct object.

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7. Visual Diagram (Simplified)

scss
[Gerund Phrase]
 └── Having (gerund)
      └── [Direct Object]
           ├── limited interaction (noun phrase)
           │    ├── limited (adjective)
           │    └── interaction (noun)
           ├── and (coordinating conjunction)
           └── access to instructors (noun phrase)
                ├── access (noun)
                └── to instructors (prepositional phrase)
                     ├── to (preposition)
                     └── instructors (noun)

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8. Conclusion

• Summary: The phrase is a gerund phrase acting as a noun, with "having" as the head. The gerund "having" takes as its direct object a coordinated noun phrase consisting of "limited interaction" and "access to instructors." The adjective "limited" modifies "interaction" and is implied to modify "access" due to the parallel structure. "To instructors" is a prepositional phrase modifying "access."

• Function: The phrase describes the state of experiencing restricted interaction and access to instructors.

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Answer:

The phrase "Having limited interaction and access to instructors" is a gerund phrase functioning as a noun. It consists of:

• "Having" (gerund acting as the head of the phrase)

• "Limited interaction" (noun phrase serving as part of the direct object of "having," with "limited" modifying "interaction")

• "And" (coordinating conjunction connecting the two noun phrases)

• "Access to instructors" (noun phrase serving as part of the direct object, with "access" modified by the prepositional phrase "to instructors")

• "To instructors" (prepositional phrase modifying "access," specifying to whom the access pertains)

Overall, the phrase describes the state of possessing limited interaction and limited access to instructors.

你說：

What is the antonym of "subordinate clause"?

The antonym of a subordinate clause is an independent clause, also known as a main clause.

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Explanation:

• Subordinate Clause (Dependent Clause):

  • A subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought.
  • It depends on an independent clause to provide context and complete its meaning.
  • Example: "Because I was tired" is a subordinate clause—it leaves the reader waiting for more information.

• Independent Clause (Main Clause):

  • An independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought.
  • It does not depend on any other clause to make sense.
  • Example: "I went to bed early." This is an independent clause—it conveys a complete idea.

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Putting It Together:

In a complex sentence, subordinate clauses often attach to independent clauses to add more detail:

• "Because I was tired, I went to bed early."
  • Here, "Because I was tired" is the subordinate clause.
  • "I went to bed early" is the independent clause and serves as the antonym to the subordinate clause.

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Summary:

• Antonym of "Subordinate Clause": Independent Clause or Main Clause
• Reason: An independent clause is self-sufficient and expresses a complete thought, which is the opposite of a subordinate clause that relies on additional information to make sense.

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Remember: Understanding the difference between these two types of clauses is essential for constructing clear and grammatically correct sentences.

你說：

Is there any clause called "coordinate clause"?

Yes, there is a grammatical term called a coordinate clause.

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Explanation:

• Coordinate Clause:
  • A coordinate clause is an independent clause that is linked to another independent clause of equal grammatical rank within a sentence.
  • These clauses are connected by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, nor, for, so, or yet.
  • Each coordinate clause can stand alone as a complete sentence, but they are combined to show a relationship between ideas.

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Examples:

1. Simple Coordination:

   • "She enjoys reading novels, and he likes watching movies."
     • Clause 1: "She enjoys reading novels." (Independent clause)
     • Clause 2: "He likes watching movies." (Independent clause)
     • Coordinating Conjunction: "and"
     • Both clauses are coordinate clauses joined by "and."

2. Contrasting Ideas:

   • "I wanted to go for a walk, but it started to rain."
     • Clause 1: "I wanted to go for a walk." (Independent clause)
     • Clause 2: "It started to rain." (Independent clause)
     • Coordinating Conjunction: "but"
     • The coordinate clauses express contrasting ideas.

3. Choice or Alternative:

   • "You can call me tonight, or we can meet tomorrow."
     • Clause 1: "You can call me tonight." (Independent clause)
     • Clause 2: "We can meet tomorrow." (Independent clause)
     • Coordinating Conjunction: "or"
     • The coordinate clauses present alternatives.

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Relationship to Other Clause Types:

• Coordinate vs. Subordinate Clauses:

  • Coordinate Clauses are of equal importance and can stand alone.
  • Subordinate Clauses (dependent clauses) cannot stand alone and depend on a main clause to complete their meaning.

• Example of Subordination:

  • "Because it started to rain, I stayed indoors."
    • "Because it started to rain" is a subordinate clause dependent on the main clause "I stayed indoors."

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Summary:

• Coordinate Clause:

  • An independent clause connected to another independent clause by a coordinating conjunction.
  • Forms part of a compound sentence.
  • Each clause has equal grammatical weight.

• Function:

  • To link ideas that are related or of equal importance.
  • To add variety and complexity to writing.

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Remember: Using coordinate clauses effectively can enhance the flow and clarity of your writing by showing how ideas are connected.

你說：

In the phrase: "Having limited interaction and access to instructors", is there any connection between "interaction" and "to instructors"?

Yes, in the phrase "Having limited interaction and access to instructors," there is a connection between "interaction" and "to instructors."

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Explanation:

1. Coordinated Noun Phrases:

• The phrase contains a coordinated noun phrase connected by "and":

  • "limited interaction" and "access to instructors."

2. Shared Modifier Possibility:

• While "to instructors" immediately follows "access," it can be understood to modify both "interaction" and "access" due to the parallel structure.

3. Logical Association:

• Interaction with Instructors:

  • It's logical to think of "interaction with instructors," as interaction typically involves someone.

• Access to Instructors:

  • Similarly, "access to instructors" makes sense as it specifies whom you have access to.

4. Parallelism and Ellipsis:

• In coordinated phrases, modifiers and complements can sometimes apply to all coordinated elements, especially when they share a common characteristic.

• Ellipsis: The omission of a word or phrase that is grammatically necessary but can be deduced from the context.

  • The phrase may imply "interaction [with instructors] and access to instructors."

5. Rewriting the Phrase for Clarity:

• Explicit Connection:

  • "Having limited interaction with instructors and access to instructors."

• Alternative Structure:

  • "Having limited interaction and limited access to instructors."

    • Here, "limited" is understood to modify both "interaction" and "access," and "to instructors" could still relate to both nouns.

6. Syntactic Analysis:

• Gerund Phrase:

  • "Having limited interaction and access to instructors"

    • Having (gerund)

      • Limited interaction [with instructors]

      • And

      • Access to instructors

• Modifiers and Complements:

  • "Limited" modifies both "interaction" and "access."

  • "To instructors" serves as a prepositional phrase that can be associated with both nouns due to the structure.

7. Prepositional Phrase Attachment:

• While "to instructors" is immediately after "access," it's not uncommon in English for a prepositional phrase to modify multiple coordinated nouns.

• Example:

  • "She bought books and magazines about gardening."

    • "About gardening" modifies both "books" and "magazines."

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Conclusion:

• Connection Exists: The prepositional phrase "to instructors" is connected to both "interaction" and "access."

• Interpretation:

  • The phrase implies having limited interaction with instructors and limited access to instructors.

• Grammatical Acceptability:

  • This shared modification is grammatically acceptable due to the coordinated structure and the logical relationship between the nouns and the prepositional phrase.

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Summary:

In "Having limited interaction and access to instructors," the prepositional phrase "to instructors" relates to both "interaction" and "access." The coordinated nouns share the modifier, meaning that the limitation applies to both the interaction with instructors and the access to instructors.

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